References

¹ In the context of energy Demand-Side Management (DSM), there are typically five categories of conservation measures: (1) conservation behaviour (i.e. reduced use); (2) energy efficiency (i.e. more efficient use); (3) demand management (i.e. curtailed use through load shifting or peak clipping); (4) fuel switching (i.e. switched use); and (5) self-generation or cogeneration (i.e. reduced use by on-site generation).  Source: Ontario Power Authority.
² The ratio under discussion is more accurately called [one type of]  “energy intensity”. In common usage “EE goes up 20%” means “energy per unit” goes down by 20%” However “energy intensity” also applies to ratios with a different, broader denominator definition from that of EE.  It is more common to reserve “energy intensity” for these latter situations, as described in the text.
³ Michael Grubb, Jonathan Koehler, and Dennis Anderson Induced Technical change: Evidence and Implications for Energy-Environmental Modelling and Policy;  Working Paper;  Department of Applied Economics; Cambridge University http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/dae/repec/cam/pdf/wp0031.pdf 
⁴ This approach was used, for example, in the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), which was part of the IPCC’s Third Assessment Report.  http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/  
⁵ The World Energy Council (WEC) notes that few countries in the developing world have adopted energy efficiency labelling programs and standards and that those programs that do exist target a limited number of technologies.  WEC encourages the rapid generalization of programs to promote energy efficiency so that these developing markets do not become recipients of products that can no longer be retailed in countries protected by standards. 
⁶ See also Wiel, S. and Lebot, B.  (2004).  Regional Cooperation in Energy Efficiency Standard-Setting and Labeling.  2004 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.
⁷ Wiel, S., McGrory, L., and Harrington, L.  Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels in North America: Opportunities for Harmonization.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Energy Efficient Strategies.
⁸ Having the prices of the other factors of production “right” is a general pre-requisite. Firms will tend to substitute capital and/or labour for energy, or energy for labour and/or capital based on the relative prices of these factors. Indeed many EE instruments such as accelerated capital cost allowances or sales tax exemptions act to reduce the cost of capital goods rather than raise the price of energy
⁹ http://tdiclub.com/ The “PD” direct injection engine is available in New Beetles (2004 - 2006), Jettas (2004 -2006), Jetta Wagons (2004 - 2006), Golfs (2004 -2005), B5 Passat (2004 and 2005), and the 2005 V10 Toureg.  In 2005 Canadian sales of TDIs accounted for over 50% of models where a TDI was an option.
¹⁰ Office of Energy Effiiciency  http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/
neud/dpa/tableshandbook2/aaa_ca_1_e_3.cfm?attr=0
¹¹ “Smart regulation begins with smart policy and smart policy has to be articulated, not left implicit…. It is the role and responsibility of elected policy makers – not regulatory tribunals and not officials - to resolve competing societal values. There are limits, of course, to how much can be sorted out in one dialogue or one document. The world is a complex and untidy place. But much more can be done than is being done today in most Canadian jurisdictions to provide the guidance that regulators need” 

Investing in Canada’s Energy Future: Getting the Framework Right.  Energy Dialogue Group. Submission to the Council of Energy Ministers St. Andrews, New Brunswick, September 20, 2005  http://www.cga.ca/publications/documents/
EDGEnergyPolicyBriefingBook.pdf
¹² The certainty of the end-use energy allocation depends on the source and quality of the information on which categorization is based.  For example, residential appliance energy consumption is based on appliance shipment numbers accessed through an on-going NRCan survey providing a high level of certainty, whereas the consumption for the “other appliance” category (plug loads) is determined as a residual from the end-use categorization analysis.   In the absence of survey or other information, judgment is used to allocate residual energy end-use.  In particular, the allocation of fuel use to different transportation modes is uncertain and is based on limited surveys.  There are different sets of estimates: notably those for the Transportation Table, those of Environment Canada for the GHG Inventory, and for the CAC inventory  - all based on different interpretations of essentially the same limited data.
¹³ Totals may not sum correctly due to rounding.
¹⁴ The residential energy intensity quoted here is measured in terms of GJ/household.  Residential energy intensity on a per square meter basis decreased by 15%.
¹⁵ The OECD estimate of 15.6% is consistent with the 16.8% presented in the Energy Use Data Handbook (NRCan).  The difference is due to minor differences in definition.
¹⁶ OECD.  2006.  OECD Factbook 2006 – Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics: Energy. http://caliban.sourceoecd.org/vl=3895533/cl=46/nw=1/rpsv/factbook/04-01-03.htm http://caliban.sourceoecd.org/vl=3895533/cl=46/nw=1/rpsv/factbook/04-01-02.htm
¹⁷ OECD.  2006.  OECD Factbook 2006 – Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics: Energy. http://caliban.sourceoecd.org/vl=3895533/
cl=46/nw=1/rpsv/factbook/04-01-02.htm
¹⁸ Note: weather effect is removed from energy use numbers quoted in sections 4.2-4.7, however weather effect is included in energy intensity.
¹⁹ Conservation Bureau (2006).  Ontario – a new era in electricity conservation – Annual Report 2006.  p. 24
²⁰ Some NAICS floor space data previously attributed to the industrial sector were reassessed and allocated to certain commercial/institutional activity types resulting in a different proportional composition of the sector in terms of energy consumption relative to 2003.
²¹ Conservation Bureau (2006).  Ontario – a new era in electricity conservation – Annual Report 2006.  p. A3.
²² Despite their lower quality (useful energy output per unit energy input) renewable fuels such as biomass and particularly those derived from waste products represent an overall savings in primary energy and thus an increase in the (life-cycle) efficiency of the system.
²³ It was not possible to determine the overall change in energy intensity for the Petrochemical & Chemical Industries due to the use of different intensity metrics (denominators) for the different component sub-sectors.  The energy intensities of the Petrochemical, Industrial Gas, Other Basic Chemicals and Fertilizer industries shrank by seven, three, 52 and -20 (i.e. increased) percent, respectively.
²⁴ Natural Resources Canada.  Office of Energy Efficiency, Industrial Facilities (CIPEC): Oil Sands Sector. http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/industrial/opportunities/
sectors/oilsands.cfm?attr=24
²⁵ The Office of Energy Efficiency revised the Transportation End-Use Model historical light truck stock resulting in lower light truck energy use in both passenger and freight sub-sectors prior to 1994 and higher energy use in cars (passenger) and medium and heavy trucks (freight) relative to previous publications.
²⁶ Passenger transportation figures exclude non-commercial aviation.
²⁷ 2001 Census: Canadian Families and Households.
http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/
products/analytic/companion/fam/canada.cfm
²⁸ Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (2005). Research Highlight: Smart Growth in Canada: A Report Card.  Socio-economic Series 05-036.
²⁹ As a side note, compact urban forms impact heating energy consumption as well as transportation demand.  According to NRCan data, the average heating energy intensity of single detached houses (which represent 67 percent of housing floor space and 57 percent of housing stock) is almost twice that of apartments, and 38 percent greater than that of single attached houses.
³⁰ Canadian Urban Transit Association (2005). Summary of Canadian Transit Statistics: 2004 Operating Data.
³¹ Centre for Sustainable Transportation (2004) Sustainable Transportation Monitor, June 2004.  http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/STM10E.pdf
³² Centre for Sustainable Transportation (2004) Sustainable Transportation Monitor, June 2004. http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/STM10E.pdf
³³ Ibid.
³⁴ Note: for consistency with NRCan's approach, efficiency trends in electricity generation are presented separately.  However the use of the electricity has already been accounted for in previous sections.
³⁵ Note: it is not the purpose of this Paper to review all available programs but rather to provide an illustrative overview of the types of programs being offered.  Furthermore, the institutional landscape and program offerings are constantly changing and, though accurate as of the end of 2006, changes have occurred since.  In particular, in 2007, there were significant changes at the Federal level, and the new programming (accurate as of October 2007) is described in Appendix A.
³⁶ Figures for 2005-2006.  Supplied by NRCan.
³⁷ Source for Ontario is Chief Conservation Officer.  Source for others is Climate Change Central. Canadian Provincial Energy Efficiency Policies and Strategies – A Concise Review.  August 2006. 
³⁸ Climate Change Central.  Canadian Provincial Energy Efficiency Policies and Strategies – A Concise Review.  August 2006.
³⁹ Both Enbridge and Union are seeking OEB Approval to double these investments in future years.
⁴⁰ These terms have been in wide use in both electricity and natural gas DSM potential studies since the 1970s.  Typically they are applied on the basis of a Total Resource Cost (TRC) test which considers costs to society as a whole and does not consider who pays.
⁴¹ In most studies, this BAU scenario is calibrated to the utility's own forecasts.
⁴² Marbek Resource Consultants and MK Jaccard and Associates Ltd (2006).  Demand Side Management Potential in Canada – Energy Efficiency Study.
⁴³ With respect to economic potential, Exhibit 6.1 also notes whether externalities are included or not.
⁴⁴ U.S. National Academy of Sciences (2002).  Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards.
⁴⁵ Union of Concerned Scientists. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/
cars_pickups_suvs/nas-report-cafe-effectiveness-and-impact.html
⁴⁶ Greene, David, P. Patterson, et.al. (2005).  Feebates, rebates and gas-guzzler taxes: a study of incentives for increased fuel economy.
⁴⁷ Dumas, A, Greene, DL and Bourbeau, A: North American Feebate Analysis Model. Conference on Transportation Energy and Environmental Performance, Asilomar, CA (Aug 2005).
⁴⁸ One notable exception is the conservation potential study currently being undertaken by BC Hydro, which takes a much broader approach.
⁴⁹ Sathaye. Jayant and Scott Murtishaw. November 2004. Market Failures, Consumer Preferences, And Transaction Costs In Energy Efficiency Purchase Decisions. California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research Program   http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/
CEC-500-2005-020/CEC-500-2005-020.PDF, p.9.
⁵⁰ Advice on a Long-term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy http://www.nrtee-trnee.ca/eng/publications/wedge-advisory-note/ecc-wedge-advisory-note-eng.pdf
⁵¹ Levine, Mark, Jonathan G. Koomey, James E. McMahon, Alan H. Sanstad, and Eric Hirst . 1995. Energy Efficiency Policy and Market Failures." Annual Review of Energy 20: 535-555.
⁵² Sutherland, Ronald J. 2003 The High Costs of Federal Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential Applianceshttp://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa504.pdf
⁵³ Canadian Electricity Association (2006). Power Generation in Canada.  P. 24.  The DSM costs reflect total costs, including costs paid by the consumer.  Thus the cost to the utility could be 50% lower.
⁵⁴ Geller, Howard and Sophie Attali (2005).  The Experience with Energy Efficiency Policies and Programmes in IEA Countries – Learning from the Critics.  IEA Information Paper.
⁵⁵ Advice on a Long-term Strategy on Energy and Climate Change National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy http://www.nrtee-trnee.ca/eng/publications/wedge-advisory-note/ecc-wedge-advisory-note-eng.pdf
The 60% reduction is relative to today’s level, not BAU in 2050.